Serious Violations Of Human Rights Research Articles

Respectful maternity care interventions to address women mistreatment in childbirth: What has been done?

IntroductionOver the last decade, there has been an increasing number of studies regarding experiences of mistreatment, disrespect and abuse (D&A) during facility-based childbirth. These negative experiences during labour have been proven to create a barrier for seeking both facility-based childbirth and postnatal health care, as well as increasing severe postpartum depression among the women who experienced them. This constitutes a serious violation of human rights. However, few studies have carried out specifically designed interventions to reduce these practices. The aim of this scoping review is to synthetise available evidence on this subject, and to identify initiatives that have succeeded in reducing the mistreatment, D&A that women suffer during childbirth in health facilities.MethodsA PubMed search of the published literature was conducted, and all original studies evaluating the efficacy of any type of intervention specifically designed to reduce these negative experiences and promote RMC were selected.ResultsTen articles were included in this review. Eight studies were conducted in Africa, one in Mexico, and the other in the U.S. Five carried out a before-and-after study, three used mixed-methods, one was a comparative study between birth centres, and another was a quasi-experimental study. The most common feature was the inclusion of some sort of RMC training for providers at the intervention centre, which led to the conclusion that this training resulted in an improvement in the care received by the women in childbirth. Other strategies explored by a small number of articles were open maternity days, clinical checklists, wall posters and constant user feedback.DiscussionThese results indicate that there are promising interventions to reduce D&A and promote RMC for women during childbirth in health facilities. RMC training for providers stands as the most proven strategy, and the results suggest that it improves the experiences of care received by women in labour.ConclusionThe specific types of training and the different initiatives that complement them should be evaluated through further scientific research, and health institutions should implement RMC interventions that apply these strategies to ensure human rights-based maternity care for women giving birth in health facilities around the world.

Justice in the Practice of International Criminal Tribunals, in the Context of the Tasks of Contemporary International Humanitarian Law

Transitional justice, which today has become a widespread and very useful concept, which allows the transition from an authoritarian system to the rule of law, which aims to establish a democratic regime that respects human rights - and what is important not at the level of declarations and applicable methods, but, first of all, this must become the philosophical basis of his daily life. The purpose of transitional justice is to restore the dignity of the victims, to establish mutual trust between the antagonistic groups, to favor the institutional exchange necessary for a new relationship within the population that will allow the establishment of a state of law, including through an effective control of the practice of total or partial impunity. The various constitutive elements of transitional justice generally combine reparative measures of restorative justice (Truth and Reconciliation Commissions), meanwhile establishing parallel mechanisms of punitive justice (especially in relation to the main responsible or direct executors of the most serious crimes).2 On the other hand, transitional justice claims to reform the institutional system, restoring the primacy of law and ensuring the functioning of judicial institutions for the future, fighting in the meantime against impunity for the crimes committed during the previous period. In this sense, transitional justice pursues a multiple goal within the framework of an end to a conflict, in which other imperatives are imposed on government officials - the disarmament of combatant forces, the restoration of citizens' security, the compensation of victims and the restoration of the economy of devastated societies. After being neglected for a long time, the victim is at the center of current political concerns and is the object of a constantly growing interest, mainly in the criminal field and not in social discourses.3 But this phenomenon, positive from some aspects, is not without problems and arouses controversial debates among researchers and actors of the criminal world. This imposition of the victim seems to exist not only in the criminal system, but also in the current socio-political terrain. This predominance is observed in many Western states, lately becoming dominant to some extent both in international criminal law and in international humanitarian law, being taken into consideration the burden of victims in the status granted to them in armed conflicts. The participation of victims in the criminal procedure is generally a recent phenomenon, which seems to be far from being accepted. Victims played and play a secondary role in the tribunals previously established by the International Criminal Court (ICC).4 They were considered only as a means in the de facto absence of a participation or compensation system. Under the influence of strong pressures, the tendency to take into account the opinions and concerns of the victims, including admission in the criminal procedure, became visible in national and international law, and with the involvement of non-governmental organizations and states, the basis of a system was laid that provides for a relatively broad participation of victims in ICC trials. Even if its modalities are still the subject of harsh discussions, it is generally recognized that it is an important and useful tool that would allow victims of serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law to be heard and to hope for possible reconciliation.5 The evolution of the process of increasing interest in victims is the result of political, social and legal tensions that started in the 1960s, with the implementation of state policies regarding victim compensation and the development of victim defense associations, being influenced by the social movement that opted for civil and women's rights. We find that taking the victim into consideration in social and penal policies has progressed in a meteorological manner. National and international investigations allowed taking into account the victims' dissatisfaction with the criminal system, which led to a genuine experience of secondary victimization, which has as a general consequence the tendency of a weak denunciation of the criminal acts to which they were subjected. They also emphasized the diversity and extent of trauma suffered by some victims, especially after going through interpersonal violence, such as rape or family violence. In addition, towards 1950, a new discipline had developed, a component of criminology, but which very quickly became autonomous - victimology. This field of research focuses on the study of the victim, on his psychological and physical reactions to the sustained achievement, but also on his experience of relying on the act of justice and society in general. These various findings gave rise to state structures to help victims, which have spread throughout the world. The victim thus became a political stake.

ЗАХИСТ ДЕЯКИХ ПРАВ ЛЮДИНИ В ЕПОХУ ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ: ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ В УКРАЇНІ

Digitization is the process of creating an all-encompassing cyber-physical space through total digitization with the aim of increasing efficiency, effectiveness, quality and reducing the cost of economic, social and personal activities. Digitization has both many advantages and great threats to basic values in the field of human rights. The most important digital rights of a citizen are currently considered to be the right to confidentiality, anonymity, and depersonalization of already digitized personal information. A very serious violation of human rights in the conditions of digitalization is the leakage of personal data. One of the problems associated with the violation of human rights is the so-called “digital divide”, that is, unequal access to technology and the deepening of the technological gap between countries and within countries. In the financial sphere, the issue of electronic money cannot be ignored. The introduction of the electronic money system has many advantages: mobility; automation of monetary transactions; lack of human factor; absence of production costs; ease of use. However, the gradual phasing out of cash in many countries poses a serious threat to the financial system, as too much reliance on digital payment systems can leave you vulnerable to catastrophic failures in the event of cyber-attacks or power outages. Cash has two of the most important qualities that are always in demand, namely: stability in the event of a power outage or during cyber-attacks; this is the most democratic (free from state and corporate control) payment method. The current legislation in Ukraine regarding the protection of human rights in the context of digitalization is imperfect and needs to be revised. Key words: digitalization, human rights, privacy, anonymity, digital rights, digital divide, electronic money.

From infamy to truth. Epistemic coloniality and knowledges in resistance: an approach to the cases of Inés Fernández Ortega and Valentina Rosendo Cantú

PurposeThe purpose of the article is to show the regime of truth in the institutional commissions that have the objective of restoring history by establishing a democratic, equitable, comprehensive, inclusive and fair criterion against the attempts of re-victimization and suppression of memory that Western political and cultural traditions have installed through their mechanisms of power.Design/methodology/approachBased on the analysis of the cases of Inés Fernández Ortega and Valentina Rosendo Cantú, they establish the material conditions from which prejudices and hegemonic stereotypes are intertwined to reproduce serious violations of human rights in democratic political and epistemic frameworks. The colonial function of the truth commissions in Mexico is analyzed, which are presented as mechanisms for social development, political and colonial reproduction of liberal democracy.FindingsThe qualitative results allow considering the way in which the different truth commissions in Mexico have been strongly linked to epistemic mechanisms in which truth and justice favor the reproduction of established relationships based on race, social class and gender. Especially in the so-called democratic transition, violence, truth and justice come together to highlight power relations in situations that have been disavowed by the intelligentsia.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitations of the research are found in the historical configuration of the truth commissions in Mexico. The data, references and assessments are crossed by the initial function of the truth commissions and the establishment of apparatuses and mechanisms based on transitional justice. Based on this, it can be considered a methodological oversight to shift the analysis of truth commissions toward a critical assessment of the truth as a regime of government and hegemonic and colonization criteria from two very specific cases.Originality/valueThe originality of the work is found in the critical discernment of truth as a political category and the coloniality of power.

Prophetic Treatments for the Phenomenon of Violence and Bullying Against Women and Children

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and may blessings and peace be upon the Seal of the Prophets and Messengers, our Prophet Muhammad, and upon all his family and companions. The issue of violence against women and children is one of the serious challenges facing modern societies. Violence directed at women and children constitutes a serious violation of human rights and negatively affects victims and societies in general. In this context, Islam takes a comprehensive approach in addressing this issue, where we can benefit from the Sunnah of the Prophet as a valuable source for understanding and addressing violence. This thesis aims to study violence against women and children and its various forms, and to focus on treatment and treatment in light of the Sunnah of the Prophet. The study will focus on understanding the causes of violence and the factors affecting it, as well as analyzing the Prophetic texts and Sunnah to extract the foundations and principles that can contribute to addressing violence.

Association Between Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Women's Knowledge of Human Trafficking

Human trafficking is a serious violation of human rights that disproportionately affects the marginalized individuals, particularly women and girls. This study utilized the data from the 2019 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey conducted in Nepal to assess the knowledge of currently married women aged 15-49 about human trafficking using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaires were based on the MICS 6 standard questionnaires. The survey used a multistage, stratified cluster probability sampling design and included 14,805 women. In multivariate analysis, respondents in the second to the richest wealth quintiles (aOR range: 1.26-1.56, p<0.001) were more likely to be aware of human trafficking than those in the poorest quintiles. Women with higher secondary or above education (aOR= 29.52, p<0.001), secondary education (aOR= 10.13, p<0.001), and basic education (aOR=2.19, p<0.001) were more likely to be knowledgeable about human trafficking compared to those with no formal education. High, medium, and low media exposure (aOR range: 1.71-4.86, p<0.001) were associated with increased knowledge about human trafficking compared to no exposure. Bivariate analysis revealed that knowledge about human trafficking was significantly associated with education level, wealth index, and urban or rural residence (p<0.001). These findings suggest that interventions to increase knowledge about human trafficking should prioritize women with limited educational opportunities, low wealth status, and those living in rural areas to reduce their vulnerability to trafficking.

Extra-Judicial Killing Against Robbery in Medan City from a Human Rights Perspective

Extrajudicial killing is a murder carried out by state officials outside of a court decision. This research aims to find out how legal protection is for criminals in Medan City using extra-judicial killing based on human rights. The research method used is a normative jurisprudential research method. Normative research requires a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The data collection technique used is through document and library studies of secondary data in the form of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results of this research conclude that extrajudicial execution is an arbitrary act, does not have a clear legal basis, and is a serious violation of human rights stipulated by law and international documents, thus the perpetrator will not receive legal certainty and justice. and this violates human rights, especially Article 28 Letter A and also Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights.

State Immunity from Civil Jurisdiction in Transboundary Environmental Litigations

Abstract The paper offers a de lege lata and de lege ferenda analysis of State immunity from civil jurisdiction in cases related to environmental transboundary damage, including climate change litigations. De lege lata, the analysis focuses on the customary exceptions to State immunity, namely the restrictive doctrine and the forum tort exception. De lege ferenda, the contribution firstly discusses the recent domestic case law lifting jurisdictional immunity for acts jure imperii which amount to serious violations of human rights and/or humanitarian law. Secondly, it seeks to open the discussion on a possible reform of the forum tort exception on the model of the European discipline of private international law in matters of tort, in order to ensure better protection of the individual right to an effective remedy.

Bentuk Pertanggungjawaban Pelanggaran Ham Terhadap Tawanan Perang Menurut Hukum Dan Ham Internasional

Introduction: The Syrian conflict was motivated by the Arab Spring, which was related to demonstrations and popular resistance in the Middle East and North Africa which ended with the fall of the ruling regimes in these regional countries.Purposes of the Research: The research method uses a normative juridical method. This type of research is descriptive analytical using primary, secondary and tertiary sources of legal materials where the collection of legal materials is carried out using library research. Furthermore, the analysis technique uses qualitative analysis, by identifying facts, eliminating irrelevant things, determining the issue and then concluding the results of the analysis according to the problem being studied.Methods of the Research: The research method uses a normative juridical method. This type of research is descriptive analytical using primary, secondary and tertiary sources of legal materials where the collection of legal materials is carried out using library research. Furthermore, the analysis technique uses qualitative analysis, by identifying facts, eliminating irrelevant things, determining the issue and then concluding the results of the analysis according to the problem being studied.Results of the Research:  Legal violations against prisoners of war based on international legal and human rights instruments according to the Geneva Convention III of 1949 (Geneva  Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of Wat) and Additional Protocol I year 1977 (Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of international Armed Conflicts) have the right to be treated with dignity and humanity, such as not being forced to provide information unless they know their identity. Their torture and cruel treatment is seen as a war crime. prisoners of war must be moved from dangerous areas to safe places. Their living conditions must be equivalent to those of members of the armed forces of the host nation. Accountability for legal violations against prisoners for serious human rights violations against prisoners of war legally basically refers to the principle of exhaustion of local remedies through the mechanism of a national court forum. The unwillingness and inability of countries suspected of committing serious violations of human rights to resolve the problem of these violations at the national level can underlie the emergence of the judicial competence of the International Criminal Court (ICC). War crimes and crimes against humanity in accordance with the Rome Statute (Article 5 paragraph (1).

The Legal Theory and Social Problems Behind "Women's Reproductive Freedom Right": From the Perspective of Comparative Law

With the aging of population and the continuous decline of fertility rate, social problems are becoming more and more serious. In order to stop the continuous decline of the fertility rate, many countries have implemented the policy of increasing the fertility rate. Based on the method of comparative research, this study has studied the partial birth policies of many countries, and the research theme is divided into two parts. The legal theory behind "Women's reproductive freedom". On the one hand, in order to promote women's human rights, some fertility decisions violate women's human rights. On the other hand, unwanted births affect children's human rights. And the social issues behind "women's right to reproductive freedom". Studies have shown that despite the increasing number of decisions made to increase fertility rates, fertility rates are still falling, and the negative impact of some related decisions on society cannot be ignored. The decision of some countries to increase birth rates is a serious violation of human rights. At the same time, this study found that such a decision goes against the original intention of the state, not only damages the protection of human rights, but also causes jurisprudence problems and social problems.

TRAGEDY OF KANJURUHAN STADIUM SEEN FROM PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN RIGHTS

The Kanjuruhan Stadium incident involves a conflict between football supporters and law enforcement, resulting in various violations of human rights. This research aims to understand the implications of the event on human rights and highlight the issues that arise in the context of security and law enforcement. The study utilizes a descriptive-analytical approach by analyzing various sources of information, including media reports, official documents, and statistical data related to the Kanjuruhan Stadium incident. Firstly, this paper identifies the human rights violations that occurred during the event, such as excessive use of violence and arbitrary arrests. The findings of this research indicate serious violations of human rights during the Kanjuruhan Stadium incident, which contravene the fundamental principles of human rights, including the right to security and protection from inhumane treatment. This paper contributes to the understanding of the importance ofupholding human rights in the context of sporting events. The research provides policy recommendations for the government, law enforcement, and other relevant parties to ensure better protection of human rights inmanaging similar situations in the future. Similarly, this study encourages the public to enhance awareness of the importance of respecting human rights and participating in promoting human rights principles in the context of sports.

In Search for Soul: The Contribution of Analytical Psychology to Heal Human Rights Violations

Humanity continues to experience serious violations of human rights, and the recent critical events, like the COVID‐19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine, seem to have directly or indirectly intensified the occurrence of violations of human rights like torture, enforced disappearances, human trafficking, gender‐based violence and war crimes. Can analytical psychology make a significant contribution to the prevention, treatment, remedying such violations, from the individual level to the most macro level of socio‐political systems? I will support the thesis that the Jungian concept of soul has a special role in such an endeavour. My proposal is that when a social terrifying threat, like in the case of widespread social violence, is perceived at the social level, the functioning of the individual Self and society may change dramatically. In particular, both lose their containing function and are subjected to an unconscious massive collective pressure to align themselves to a specific kind of functioning that I call monolithic functioning. It is the splintering of what I call the reflective triangle, which is illustrated here, and has an effect on societal, groupal, interpersonal and intrapsychic levels. Some vignettes from a clinical case of a patient who suffered torture and gender‐based violence are presented to illustrate how these human rights violations affect the three levels mentioned.

Human trafficking - the boomerang of a decadent society (Social perception of human trafficking in Dobrogea / Constanța)

Human trafficking is a serious violation of human rights that affects millions of people worldwide. It is a complex and multifaceted issue that encompasses various forms, such as forced labor, sexual exploitation, and organ trafficking [1] and is a problem of human security [2]. The social perception of human trafficking plays a crucial role in shaping awareness, response, and efforts to combat this heinous crime [3,4]. Understanding how society perceives human trafficking is essential in order to foster empathy, generate effective solutions, and eradicate this modern-day form of slavery [5,6]. The social perception of human trafficking often faces significant barriers that hinder comprehensive understanding and action. One of the primary barriers is the misconception that human trafficking only occurs in distant countries or affects specific demographics [5]. In reality, trafficking is a global problem that transcends borders, impacting men, women, and children of all backgrounds [7]. The media plays a vital role in shaping societal perceptions of human trafficking. Unfortunately, the media can also contribute to distorted narratives and sensationalism, focusing excessively on shocking stories and salacious details [8]. While raising awareness is important, it is equally essential to portray the complex realities of human trafficking accurately, shedding light on its systemic nature and the vulnerabilities that contribute to its persistence [9]. One very critical aspect of social perception revolves around victim blaming and stigmatization [10]. Society often places blame on the victims, perceiving them as responsible for their circumstances. This perspective fails to recognize the coercion, manipulation, and power imbalances that are inherent in trafficking situations [11]. Such stigmatization can prevent survivors from seeking help and perpetuate a cycle of victimization [12]. Developing empathy and a deeper understanding of human trafficking is crucial to combating this issue effectively. By recognizing that trafficking victims are not mere statistics but individuals with stories of exploitation and survival, society can humanize their experiences. Empathy enables us to challenge stereotypes, eliminate victim-blaming attitudes, and extend support and resources to survivors [13]. Education plays a vital role in shaping social perception. Comprehensive and age-appropriate education about human trafficking can help dispel myths, raise awareness, and empower individuals to identify and respond to signs of trafficking [14]. Governments, schools, community organizations and media should collaborate to integrate anti-trafficking education into curricula, ensuring that young people understand their rights, the tactics used by traffickers, and the importance of reporting suspicious activities [15]. Addressing the social perception of human trafficking requires collaborative efforts among governments, civil society organizations, law enforcement agencies, and communities. By adopting a victim-centered approach, where survivors' needs and voices are central to policy development and implementation, we can challenge societal perceptions that perpetuate the cycle of exploitation. Providing comprehensive support services, including shelter, healthcare, legal aid, and psychological counseling, is essential in helping survivors rebuild their lives [16].

METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

In this scientific article, referring to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On combating human trafficking”, the concept of “human trafficking” and the directions of state policy in the field of combating human trafficking is considered. Thus, the article states that human trafficking is a serious violation of human rights, all efforts to provide assistance and protection should be aimed at restoring the rights of victims of human trafficking and preventing their further violation. At the same time, victims should receive protection and assistance without discrimination: it is unacceptable to treat them unfavorably or with prejudice because of their experience in a situation of human trafficking or to restrict their rights. In addition, the moments concerning the identification of victims of human trafficking, sources of information about planned or committed crimes, forms of investigation, typical investigative versions and situations, algorithms, tasks and planning of the investigation are analyzed. The differences between human trafficking and migrant smuggling are also studied and examples related to high-profile criminal cases on this issue from the experience of Kazakhstan are given, including an example related to the operation “Blue Sky”, in which thousands of people participated, to investigate the smuggling of migrants.

General Considerations Regarding the Crime of Human Trafficking

Human trafficking is a real social phenomenon with destructive repercussions on the entire society, materialized by serious violations of human rights and freedoms, as well as the dignity or integrity of human beings. This phenomenon has existed since the most remote times, being manifested especially in the form of forced labor, that is, slavery, a form that can still be found even today. Although we live in such a developed society, the facts involving the trafficking of persons, minors, slaves, cells and tissues of human origin are more and more numerous. If we take a simple look at the statistics made by the competent bodies regarding the number of trafficked persons, victims of such a barbaric act, we will find that it is on a continuous rise. In this sense, with the passage of time, the states of the world have been concerned with finding the most suitable, but also effective measures so necessary to prevent and combat the trafficking of live meat, being outlined a series of national and international acts.

КАШМИРСКАЯ ПРОБЛЕМА: МЕЖДУНАРОДНО-ПРАВОВОЙ АСПЕКТ

A complex of political, economic and military-strategic problems arose on the territory of the former Principality of Jammu and Kashmir, which were accompanied by serious violations of human rights. The basis of the Kashmir dispute is the incompatibility of approaches to solving the fate of the Principality on the part of secularist India and Muslim Pakistan. for which the religious principle applied during the partition of British India in 1947 was identified with the ‘theory of two nations’. In the context of the first Indo-Pakistani conflict,Maharaja Hari Singh informed the Viceroy of India of the decision to join it, provided that article 370 on granting special rights to Jammu and Kashmir would be included in the text of the Constitution. The situation in Jammu and Kashmir is characterized by instability, movements of pro-Pakistani separatists, which caused three Indo-Pakistani wars. The issue of the situation in Kashmir is being discussed in the UN Commission on Human Rights, in human rights organizations, including Islamic ones, which insist on holding a plebiscite in Kashmir in order to ensure its citizens the right to choose between India and Pakistan. The Government of India has decided to actually liquidate the state and divide it into two union territories: Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, which come under the direct control of the center. The country’s leadership believes that the measures taken will contribute to strengthening the constitutional order of India, equalizing the rights of states and union territories.

SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN DURING ARMED CONFLICTS: RUSSIAN AGGRESSION AGAINST UKRAINE AS AN EXAMPLE

Background: Sexual violence is a significant issue that violates human rights and is a source of increasing concern for women during international and local armed conflicts. It has widespread impacts on civilian communities and on women in particular, with grave and long-lasting health, psychological, and social impacts. The descriptive analytical method was used to investigate and analyse laws prohibiting sexual assault against women, focusing on the role of international law in addressing these crimes. It was found that multiple international laws are in place to address this violence, but the enforcement of these laws requires work. Methods: The descriptive-analytical method is used to investigate and analyse legal provisions prohibiting sexual violence against women. A set of recommendations is derived for how to limit and avoid the deterioration of such phenomena and to deal with it at legal, social, political, health, and other levels. Results and Conclusions: Due to its consequences, which include physical, psychological, social, and economic complications, sexual assault is regarded as one of the most serious violations of human rights. The scarcity of judicial trials and prosecutions against perpetrators of this violence is considered to be a driving force behind these crimes.

Sexual violence during pregnancy: cross-sectional study with women in puerperium

Introduction: Sexual violence during pregnancy is a serious violation of human rights and reproductive rights. Its prevalence is variable and multifactorial, depending on the analyzed territory and sociocultural and economic factors, requiring permanent monitoring. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted at the Mandaqui Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil. The Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) was applied to 350 puerperium women, with the outcome of suffering or not sexual violence during pregnancy, with data collected between September and December 2021. Sociodemographic and reproductive data were considered. We used an urn technique, with pre-coded data analyzed in EpiInfo® by Pearson's Chi-square and Mann Whitney test, adopting p<0.05 and 95% CI. Research approved by the Research Ethics Committee, CAAE No. 50580421.5.0000.5551. Results: We found eight cases of sexual violence (2.3%) and sample loss of 18.9%. Women who suffered sexual violence reported more physical violence in the last 12 months (25.0% x 6.1% - p=0.033, OR/CI 0.19: 0.03-1.03) and fear of the most frequent intimate partner (25.0% x 3.5% - p=0.002, OR/CI 0.10: 0.01-0.59), but we did not find a difference in the history of suffering violence before the age of 15 and by the partner throughout life. There was no difference in age, schooling, race/color, union, income and work. The same occurred for reproductive aspects, with no difference regarding the occurrence of prematurity, high-risk pregnancy, reproductive planning and tobacco/alcohol use during pregnancy. Conclusion: The prevalence of sexual violence during pregnancy was lower than in other Brazilian studies and populations from other countries. Women with sexual violence during pregnancy face a daily life of fear and more frequent physical violence. The high history of suffering violence before the age of 15 and experiencing physical or emotional violence by the intimate partner can aggravate the situation. The high history of violence and fear of the partner may have contributed to eventual understatement.

Italy and the Enforcement of Foreign Judgments on Third States’ Tort Liability for Sponsoring Terrorism

Abstract The present comment deals with the much-debated issue of the denial of foreign States’ jurisdictional immunity for acta iure imperii resulting in serious violations of human rights. This question came to the fore in Italy in the early 2000s and has since led to a stark contrast between the International Court of Justice, on the one hand, and Italian courts, in particular the Constitutional Court, on the other. Against this backdrop, these pages are aimed at analysing Order No. 39391/2021 of the Italian Corte di Cassazione, which concerns a proceeding for the enforcement of a US judgment condemning Iran to pay damages to the victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Based on the reasoning of the decision, this comment argues that Italian courts, while praiseworthy for attempting to protect fundamental human rights, seem to have renounced speaking the language of international law.

DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS COURT FROM TIME TO TIME IN LAW ENFORCEMENT IN INDONESIA

Court of Human Rights is a special court below the General Court that located in the Regency/City which jurisdiction includes in its District Court. The authority of the Court of Human Rights is tasked to examine and rule on cases of human rights violations, investigate and adjudicate serious violations of human rights which heavily committed outside the territorial boundaries of the Republic of Indonesia by an Indonesian citizen. Court of Human Rights, which adjudicate cases of gross human rights violations in East Timor Polls Post-defendants have been executed by both military and civilian, and was decided by the Court of Human Rights under law No. 26 Year 2000 regarding Human Rights Court